2022年1月1日 土曜日 雪（朝は、かなり激しく降り、午後もまた強く降っている）
君塚直隆 物語イギリスの歴史（上）古大ブリテン島からエリザベス1世まで 中公新書2318 2015年
八世紀まではスコット人とピクト人が拮抗しながら共存を続けてきたスコットランドに初めて統一王国が誕生したのは、ダルリアダ（スコット人の国）の王ケニス・マカルピンがピクト人を制圧して北部にアルバ王国を築いた八四三年のことである。やがて彼の子孫のマルコム2世（在位1005〜34年）の時代に現在のスコットランドにほぼ匹敵する領域を支配するようになった。しかし彼の孫ダンカン1世（在位1034〜40年）が即位すると、王位継承争いにまで発展し、ダンカン王は・・従兄のマクベス（在位1040〜57年）に殺害され、王位を奪われた。そのマクベスも、今度はダンカンの息子マルコム3世（在位1058〜93年）に敗れ、戦死した。（君塚、同書、p139〜140）
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補註： マクベス・・ウィキペディアによると、「戯曲でのマクベスは、主君を殺して王位を奪い、暴政を行って短期間でその報いを受けて滅ぼされる悪人として描かれているが、実際のマクベスは17年間の長期にわたって王位にあり、また当時は下剋上がしばしば見られる時代であって、マクベスの行為も悪行とは言えず、統治の実績もあり、戯曲に見るような暴君ではなかった。」とのこと。
補註： 英語版のウィキペディアによると・・・史実としては：
In 1052, Macbeth was involved indirectly in the strife in the Kingdom of England between Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Edward the Confessor when he received a number of Norman exiles from England in his court, perhaps becoming the first king of Scots to introduce feudalism to Scotland.[citation needed] In 1054, Edward’s Earl of Northumbria, Siward, led a very large invasion of Scotland (Duncan’s widow and Malcolm’s mother, Suthed, was Northumbrian-born; it is probable but not proven that there was a family tie between Siward and Malcolm). The campaign led to a bloody battle at Dunsinnan,[23] in which the Annals of Ulster reported 3,000 Scots and 1,500 English dead; which can be taken as meaning very many on both sides. One of Siward’s sons and a son-in-law were among the dead. The result of the invasion was that one Máel Coluim, “son of the king of the Cumbrians” (not to be confused with Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, the future Malcolm III of Scotland) was restored to his throne, i.e., as ruler of the kingdom of Strathclyde.[24] It may be that the events of 1054 are responsible for the idea, which appears in Shakespeare’s play, that Malcolm III was put in power by the English.
Macbeth did not survive the English invasion for long, for he was defeated and mortally wounded or killed by the future Malcolm III (“King Malcolm Ceann-mor“, son of Duncan I)[25] on the north side of the Mounth in 1057, after retreating with his men over the Cairnamounth Pass to take his last stand at the battle at Lumphanan.[26] The Prophecy of Berchán has it that he was wounded and died at Scone, sixty miles to the south, some days later.[27] Macbeth’s stepson Lulach was installed as king soon after.
Unlike later writers, no near-contemporary source remarks on Macbeth as a tyrant. The Duan Albanach, which survives in a form dating to the reign of Malcolm III, calls him “Mac Bethad the renowned”. The Prophecy of Berchán, a verse history which purports to be a prophecy, describes him as “the generous king of Fortriu“, and says:
The red, tall, golden-haired one, he will be pleasant to me among them; Scotland will be brimful west and east during the reign of the furious red one.[28]
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